Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar
の例文
最終更新日: 2017/07/21
TOC
I. Introduction
II. Some Basic Principles of Classical Chinese Syntax
1. Word Classes
2. Subject and Predicate
#001:孟子見梁惠王
#002:亦有仁義而已矣
#003:不違農時
#004:未有仁義而遺其親者也
3. Word Order
III. Noun Predication
1. Verbless Noun Predication
#005: 非我也,兵也
#006: 是不為也,非不能也
#007: 畏天者也
#008: 叟之所知也
(a)
Questions
#009: 夫非盡人之子與
#010: 其正色邪
#011: 然而至此極者命也夫
(b)
Pronouns and Particles with Verbless Noun Predicates
#012: 此文王之勇也
#013: 是亦走也
#014: 皆古聖人也
#015: 是乃仁術也
#016: 乃夫子也。吾貺子
#017: 即不忍其觳觫,若無罪而就死地,故以羊易之
#018: 必若桀紂者也
#019: 子誠齊人也
#020: 固所願也
(c)
Verbless Comparisons with
Yóu 猶
#021: 今之樂猶古之樂也
(d)
Omission of
Yé 也
#022: 萬乘之國弒其君者必千乘之家
(e)
The Aspect Particle
Yǐ 已
after Verbless Noun Predicates
#023: 是亂國已
#024: (君子曰)此亦妄人也已矣
(f)
Other Meaning of
Yě 也
2. The Copula Verb
Wéi
為
#025: 孟子為卿於齊
#026: 子為誰
#027: 不為不多矣
#028: 人皆可以為堯舜
3. The Copula
Yué
曰
#029: 老而無妻曰鰥
#030: (公曰)是其生也與吾同物,命之曰同
4. The Preclassical Copula Wéi 唯(隹,惟,維)
#031: 所臨唯信
#032: 惟義所在
IV. Verbal Predicates
1. Classes of Verbs
#033: 可以為美乎
2. Adjectives
#034: (若)(夫)豪傑之士
#035: 則無望民之多於鄰國也
#036: 物皆然,心為甚
#037: 王請大之
#038: 叟不遠千里而來
#039: 百姓安之
#040: 則不能安子思
3. Nouns Used as Verbs
#041: 故湯之於伊尹學焉而後臣之
#042: 爾欲吳王我乎
#043: 君君臣臣父父子子
#044: 為臣而君亡之本也
解析例
#001:
孟子見梁惠王
Mencius saw King Hui of Liang.
#002:
亦有仁義而已矣
[I] surely have benevolence and righteousness (to offer you) and that's all.
#003:
不違農時
[If one] does not go against the proper seasons of agriculture,
#004:
未有仁義而遺其親者也
There has never been one who was benevolent and righteous yet abandoned his parents.
#005:
非我也,兵也
It was not I, it was the weapon.
#006:
是不為也,非不能也
This is not-doing, it is not not-being-able.
#007:
畏天者也
...is one who fears Heaven.
#008:
叟之所知也
It is what your reverence well knows.
#009:
夫非盡人之子與
Are we not all the sons of some man?
#010:
其正色邪
Is it its true colour?
#011:
然而至此極者命也夫
That nonetheless I have reached this extremity, is fate, is it not?
#012:
此文王之勇也
This was King Wén’s courage.
#013:
是亦走也
This was also running away.
#014:
皆古聖人也
They were all sages of old.
#015:
是乃仁術也
This indeed is the technique of rén.
#016:
乃夫子也。吾貺子。
It was you (and no one else). I will reward you.
#017:
即不忍其觳觫,若無罪而就死地,故以羊易之
It was indeed that I could not bear its trembling, like an innocent person going to the place of execution, and so changed it for a sheep.
#018:
必若桀紂者也
... will necessarily be one like Jié or Zhōu.
#019:
子誠齊人也
You are truly a man of Qí.
#020:
固所願也
It is certainly what I want.
#021:
今之樂猶古之樂也
The music of today is like the music of old (from the point of view of the argument).
#022:
萬乘之國弒其君者必千乘之家
The one who murders the ruler of a country of ten thousand chariots will certainly be (the head of) a family of a thousand chariots.
#023:
是亂國已
One can tell that this is a disordered country.
#024:
(君子曰)此亦妄人也已矣
The gentleman will say, ‘I now realize that this is indeed a wild, reckless fellow.’
#025:
孟子為卿於齊
Mencius was a minister of state in Qí.
#026:
子為誰
sir make who = Who are you?
#027:
不為不多矣
not make not many PERFECT = is (already) not not-many.
#028:
人皆可以為堯舜
Men can all be a Yao or Shun.
#029:
老而無妻曰鰥
To be old and without a wife is called ‘guān.’
#030:
#031:
#032:
#033:
#034:
#035:
#036:
#037:
#038:
#039:
#040: