Tentative outline of the course.
See Willard McCarty, Depth, markup and modelling and Humanities Computing (palgrave, 2005) Chapter 2.
著者権法：http://www.cric.or.jp/db/fr/a1_index.html 著作権 - Wikipedia "出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 著作権（ちょさくけん）とは、典型的には、著作物の創作者である著作者に保 障される権利の総称であり、知的財産権の一種である。大きくは著作者人格権 と著作財産権に分けられる。
他の多くの権利と同様、国ごとに権利の具体的な様態が異なっているが、著作 権を扱う著作権法によって保護の範囲や対象などを規定する場合が多い。
国際的には、ベルヌ条約や万国著作権条約などの条約が各国共通・最低限の権 利保護範囲を定めている。ベルヌ条約加盟国の場合、国内の著作権法は、ベル ヌ条約より広い保護を定めるのが通例である。 (http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%A8%A9)
DMCAとは 【デジタルミレニアム著作権法】 (Digital Millenium Copyright Act) ─ 意味・解説 ： IT用語辞典 e-Words "1998年10月に成立し2000年10月に施行された、アメリカの著作権法。1996 年12月にWIPO(世界知的所有権機関)で締結された「著作権条約」「実演・レ コード条約」に基づき制定されたもので、デジタル化された情報の著作権の あり方などを規定している。
既存の著作権法制にあまり見かけない規定として、著作権保護技術(コピー 防止機能など)を回避したり無力化するような手段の公表を禁じる規定がある。 この規定をめぐっては、従来の著作権法では認められていた私的利用に限った 複製(ソフトのバックアップや、CDからMDへのダビングなど)まで制限される点 が、消費者の強い反発を招いている。また、著作権保護技術の研究者が既存の 技術の脆弱性を指摘したところ、DMCA違反で訴追される恐れが生じたため、ア メリカに入国できなくなるという「騒動」も起きている。
他にも、オンラインで著作権侵害行為が発生したときに当該コンテンツを削 除すればプロバイダは免責されるという規定や、著作権侵害の加害者の個人情 報を一定の条件のもとで被害者に通知できる制度などが定められている。
DMCAは全体的に、著作権保持者、すなわち産業側の意向が色濃く反映された 内容となっている。このため、情報の利用に関する市民の自由が大幅に制約さ れているとして、市民団体が違憲訴訟を起こしたり、改正に向けてロビー活動 を強化したりしている。" ( http://e-words.jp/w/DMCA.html)
デジタルデータの著作権を保護する技術。音声・映像ファイルにかけられる 複製の制限技術などが有名だが、画像ファイルの電子透かしなども広くDRMに 含まれる。
デジタル化された音楽などの著作物は何度コピーしてもどんな遠距離を送受 信しても品質が劣化しないため、インターネットの普及やパソコンの高速・大 容量化にともなって、著作者の許諾を得ない違法な配布・交換などが増えてい る。
これに対抗するため、コンテンツの流通・再生に制限を加えるDRM技術が注 目を集めている。具体的な実装形態は様々で、メモリカードなどの記憶媒体に 内蔵される場合や、音声や動画のプレーヤーソフトに組み込まれる場合、送受 信・転送ソフトに組み込まれる場合、およびそれらの組み合わせなどがある。 (http://e-words.jp/w/DRM.html)
A presentation on this topic: Digital Text, Meaning and the World
JIS, ShiftJIS, ISO 2022-JP, EUC-JP, MS Kanji
Depending on the context of its usage, text can be:
Presentational markup arranges the text in the electronic text in the same way as it is intended to appear on the page, using space characters, line-feed characters etc. This can be send to a output device (a printer or screen) without further processing.
Procedural markup inserts special codes into the electronic text to produce the desired effect in the output. A special software programm, called a ‘formatter’ is used to interpret these special codes and produce an intermediate version of the electronic text that is then send to the output device.
Instead of inserting the desired formatting codes directly, descriptive markup inserts information into the text that describes or identifies features of a text. This introduces an additional layer of abstraction, and information about how to render these features can be held separately. A formatter then uses both the descriptive markup and the formatting information together to produce the desired result.
Descriptive markup offers many advantage, both for authoring composition or transcription of texts, and for publication. Some of the advantages are:
The many advantages of descriptive markup and the methodologies used to implement it were so successful, that for some people it seemed to suggest that it was not only a handy way of working with text, but deeply, profoundly the ‘correct’: ‘descriptive markup is not just the best approach ... it is the best imaginable approach’ Coombs et.al., 1987 . This view assumes that only the model used by the methodologies employed for descriptive markup reflect a correct view of ‘what text really is’ DeRose et.al., 1990 . In this model, a text is view is determined by its logical structure as a nested hierarchy of chapters, sections, paragraphs, sentences, and so on, but not as features of the physical representation of a text, like pages, columns, lines, font shifts, spacing and so on. According to this view then, a text is simply a ‘Ordered Hierarchy of Content Objects’(OHCO) and descriptive markup works well, because it identifies that hierarchy and makes it explicit.
The OHCO view provides a powerful model to text encoding and allows elegant and convenient handling of many features and constraints found in real-life texts (for example a section header is always at the start of a section, not somewhere in the middle, lines of a poem are within a stanza etc.), but there are also limits and cases where it can not be applied, e.g. sentences do not nest within lines of poetry or quotations interrupted by an authorial voice. Nevertheless, it proved so successful and clearly superior to other views of a text (for example as a simple sequence of characters) that it became the dominating view of markup languages like SGML and XML, and is widely applied in text encoding.
The Dublin Core Metadata Initiative is an open forum engaged in the development of interoperable online metadata standards that support a broad range of purposes and business models. DCMI's activities include consensus-driven working groups, global conferences and workshops, standards liaison, and educational efforts to promote widespread acceptance of metadata standards and practices.
Manages DCMI Metadata Terms, a widely used list of identifiers, last updated 2006-08-28. Japanese site here: Dublin Core Metadata Initiative Japanese ver.
DCMI terms are frequently embedded in other documents, such as HTML files.
All the following are available from the Library of Congress, U.S.A.
The MARC formats are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form.
The Library of Congress' Network Development and MARC Standards Office is developing a framework for working with MARC data in a XML environment. This framework is intended to be flexible and extensible to allow users to work with MARC data in ways specific to their needs. The framework itself includes many components such as schemas, stylesheets, and software tools.
Lossless expression of MARC in XML.
The Library of Congress' Network Development and MARC Standards Office, with interested experts, has developed a schema for a bibliographic element set that may be used for a variety of purposes, and particularly for library applications. As an XML schema, the "Metadata Object Description Schema" (MODS) is intended to be able to carry selected data from existing MARC 21 records as well as to enable the creation of original resource description records. It includes a subset of MARC fields and uses language-based tags rather than numeric ones, in some cases regrouping elements from the MARC 21 bibliographic format. MODS is expressed using the XML schema language of the World Wide Web Consortium. The standard is maintained by the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress with input from users.
Version 3.2, 2006-06-01.
Japanese version: メタデータ オブジェクト ディスクリプション スキーマ Sample: 愛淑大図 サンプル：MODS
Authority files for use with MODS.
See: EADの概要と日本における動向
This is also used by the NIJL joint-projects: 収蔵アーカイブズ検索手段EAD/XML化 EAD/XML-FA project at NIJL
The METS schema is a standard for encoding descriptive, administrative, and structural metadata regarding objects within a digital library, expressed using the XML schema language of the World Wide Web Consortium. The standard is maintained in the Network Development and MARC Standards Office of the Library of Congress, and is being developed as an initiative of the Digital Library Federation.
METS Documentation (2007-09-30)
Usage Example: METS Navigator from the Indiana University Digital Library Program
The National Diet Library of Japan Selects METS (2007-09-18):
The DSpace digital repository system (developped by MIT and Hewlett-Packard Labs) captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material.
Research institutions worldwide use DSpace as an institutional repository, a learning object repository, for records management, and more. The DSpace open source platform is freely available so you can customize and extend it to suit your needs.
DSpace@Waseda Universityは、本学の研究者等が作成した学術論文、学 位論文、紀要論文、ワーキングペーパー、会議録等の電子的な学術情報 を保存・公開する学術機関リポジトリです。
There is also Fedora (Cornell University and University of Viriginia Library) and Greenstone Digital Library Software (New Zealand Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato), all open source software.
The Open Archives Initiative develops and promotes interoperability standards that aim to facilitate the efficient dissemination of content. The Open Archives Initiative has its roots in an effort to enhance access to e-print archives as a means of increasing the availability of scholarly communication. Continued support of this work remains a cornerstone of the Open Archives program.
Open Archives Initiative - Protocol for Metadata Harvesting - v.2.0
To learn more about the things presented here, best is to start with a little project and proceed from there. Digital Archiving, like anything that has to do with digital technology, can only be learned by doing it, not by listening to an instructor!
Date: 2008-09-10 19:56:04